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1988 Japanese blithe moving picture past Isao Takahata

Grave of the Fireflies
A young boy is carrying a girl on her back in a field with a plane flying overhead at night. Above them is the film's title and text below reveals the film's credits.

Theatrical release poster
Japanese 火垂るの墓
Hepburn Hotaru no Haka
Directed by Isao Takahata
Screenplay past Isao Takahata
Based on "Grave of the Fireflies"
past Akiyuki Nosaka
Produced by Toru Hara
Starring
  • Tsutomu Tatsumi [ja]
  • Ayano Shiraishi [ja]
  • Yoshiko Shinohara [ja]
  • Akemi Yamaguchi [ja]
Cinematography Nobuo Koyama
Edited by Takeshi Seyama
Music by Michio Mamiya

Production
company

Studio Ghibli
Distributed past Toho

Release engagement
  • 16 April 1988 (1988-04-16)

Running time

 89 minutes[one]
Country Japan
Language Japanese
Box part
  • ¥1.7 billion (Japan)[2]
  • $516,962 (US)[3]

Grave of the Fireflies (Japanese: 火垂るの墓, Hepburn: Hotaru no Haka ) is a 1988 Japanese animated war tragedy pic[4] [5] based on the 1967 semi-autobiographical short story of the aforementioned name by Akiyuki Nosaka. It was written and directed by Isao Takahata, and blithe by Studio Ghibli for the story's publisher Shinchosha Publishing (making it the only Studio Ghibli film under Tokuma Shoten ownership that had no involvement from them).[6] The film stars Tsutomu Tatsumi [ja], Ayano Shiraishi [ja], Yoshiko Shinohara [ja] and Akemi Yamaguchi [ja]. Set in the city of Kobe, Nihon, the film tells the story of two siblings, Seita and Setsuko, and their desperate struggle to survive during the final months of the Second Earth War. Grave of the Fireflies received disquisitional acclaim and has been ranked every bit i of the greatest state of war films of all fourth dimension and has been recognized equally a major work of Japanese animation.[7] [8]

Plot [edit]

Akitani Pond: Where Seita and Setsuko lived alone together

Akitani Pond: The site where Seita and Setsuko lived alone together

In 1945, teenager Seita and his younger sister Setsuko's firm is destroyed in a firebombing along with nigh of Kobe. They escape unharmed, only their mother dies from astringent burns. Seita conceals their mother's death from Setsuko in an endeavour to keep her happy, which she later learns of despite Seita'south efforts. Seita and Setsuko move in with a distant aunt, and Seita retrieves supplies he cached before the bombing and gives everything to his aunt, salve for a tin of Sakuma drops. The aunt convinces Seita to sell his mother'south silk kimono for rice as rations shrink and the number of refugees in the house grows. Seita uses some of his mother'due south coin in the bank to buy supplies, but somewhen, the aunt becomes resentful of the children, deeming them unworthy of earning her food.

Seita and Setsuko decide to leave the aunt'due south home later on excessive insults, and they motility into an abandoned bomb shelter. They release fireflies into the shelter for light. The side by side day, Setsuko is horrified to discover that the insects have died. She buries them in a grave, asking why they and her mother had to die. As they run out of rice, Seita steals from farmers and loots homes during air raids, for which he is browbeaten and sent to the police force. The officeholder realizes Seita is stealing due to hunger and releases him. When Setsuko falls sick, a medico explains that she is suffering from malnutrition. Desperate, Seita withdraws the terminal of the money in their mother's bank account. After doing and so, he becomes distraught when he learns that Nihon has surrendered, and that his begetter, an Purple Japanese Navy captain, is near probable dead, as about of Japan's navy has been sunk. Seita returns to Setsuko with food, but finds her dying. She afterward dies as Seita finishes preparing the food. Seita cremates Setsuko's body and her stuffed doll in a harbinger casket. He carries her ashes in the processed tin along with his begetter'due south photograph.

Shortly after the end of World State of war II, Seita dies of starvation at a Sannomiya train station surrounded by other malnourished people. A janitor is tasked with removing the bodies before the arrival of the Americans. The janitor sorts through Seita's possessions and finds the candy tin, which he throws into a field. Setsuko'south ashes spread out, and her spirit springs from the tin and is joined by Seita's spirit and a cloud of fireflies. They lath a ghostly train and, throughout the journey, await back at the events leading to Seita's death. Their spirits afterward arrive at their destination, healthy and happy. Surrounded by fireflies, they remainder on a hilltop demote overlooking present-solar day Kobe.

Cast [edit]

Grapheme Japanese voice actor English vocalism actor
Skypilot Amusement/CPM (1998) Toho/Seraphim/Sentai (2012)
Seita Yokokawa ( 横川 清太 ) Tsutomu Tatsumi [ja] J. Robert Spencer Adam Gibbs
Setsuko Yokokawa ( 横川 節子 ) Ayano Shiraishi [ja] Corinne Orr Emily Neves
Mrs. Yokokawa ( 横川 さん ) Yoshiko Shinohara [ja] Veronica Taylor Shelley Calene-Black
Seita and Setsuko's aunt Akemi Yamaguchi [ja] Amy Jones Marcy Bannor
Seita and Setsuko's cousin Kazumi Nozaki Shannon Conley
Farmer Dan Green
Doctor Michio Denpō Crispin Freeman
Old man
Railroad train station worker Teruhisa Harita
Michio Denpō 		Andrew Beloved

Product [edit]

Development [edit]

Incendiary bombs being dropped onto Kobe, the setting of the movie

Grave of the Fireflies author Akiyuki Nosaka said that many offers had been made to make a alive-action film adaptation of his short story.[ix] Nosaka argued that "it was impossible to create the barren, scorched earth that's to be the backdrop of the story".[9] He as well argued that contemporary children would not be able to convincingly play the characters. Nosaka expressed surprise when an animated version was offered.[nine] Afterwards seeing the storyboards, Nosaka concluded that it was not possible for such a story to take been fabricated in any method other than blitheness and expressed surprise in how accurately the rice paddies and townscape were depicted.[nine]

Isao Takahata said that he was compelled to film the short story later on seeing how the chief character, Seita, "was a unique wartime ninth grader".[x] Takahata explained that any wartime story, whether animated or not animated, "tends to be moving and tear-jerking", and that young people develop an "inferiority complex" where they perceive people in wartime eras as being more noble and more able than they are, and therefore the audience believes that the story has nix to do with them. Takahata argued that he wanted to dispel this mindset.[9] When Nosaka asked if the motion-picture show characters were "having fun", Takahata answered that he clearly depicted Seita and Setsuko had "substantial" days and that they were "enjoying their days".[11] Takahata said that Setsuko was fifty-fifty more than difficult to animate than Seita, and that he had never before depicted a girl younger than five.[9] Takahata said that "In that respect, when you brand the book into a movie, Setsuko becomes a tangible person", and that four-year-olds often become more than assertive and cocky-centered, and endeavour to go their own ways during that age. He explained that while one could "have a scene where Seita can't stand that anymore", it is "difficult to contain into a story".[12] Takahata explained that the film is from Seita'due south point of view, "and even objective passages are filtered through his feelings".[11]

Takahata said that he had considered using non-traditional animation methods, merely because "the schedule was planned and the movie's release appointment set, and the staff assembled, it was credible there was no room for such a trial-and-error approach".[xi] He farther remarked that he had difficulty animating the scenery since, in Japanese blitheness, 1 is "not allowed" to depict Japan in a realistic manner.[9] Animators oftentimes traveled to foreign countries to practice inquiry on how to depict them, but such research had not been done before for a Japanese setting.[9] While animating the film, Takahata also created several different cuts of the scene in which Seita cremates Setsuko's torso. Takahata spent a lot of time on this scene, trying to create the perfect iteration of it. Each of these cuts remained unfinished and unused in the end.[13]

Most of the analogy outlines in the film are in dark-brown, instead of the customary blackness. Black outlines were only used when it was absolutely necessary. Colour coordinator Michiyo Yasuda said this was washed to give the picture show a softer feel. Yasuda said that this technique had never been used in an anime before Grave of the Fireflies, "and it was washed on a claiming".[9] Yasuda explained that brownish is more difficult to employ than blackness considering information technology does non contrast every bit well as blackness.[9]

Music [edit]

The film score was composed by Michio Mamiya. Along with the original soundtrack, the song "Home Sugariness Abode", performed past coloratura soprano Amelita Galli-Curci, was included.[14] Dialogue of the motion-picture show is office of the soundtrack, the music and dialogue are not separated in whatever way.[15] Mamiya is besides a music specialist in bizarre and classical music.

During an interview virtually his music, Mamiya stated that he creates his music to encourage peace.[16] The songs in Grave of the Fireflies every bit well as other pieces by Michio Mamiya such as Serenade No.iii "Germ", express this theme.[sixteen]

Original Soundtrack[15] [edit]

No. Title Length No. Title Length No. Title Length
1 節子と清太~メインタイトル

(Setsuko and Seita - Main Title)

two:57 7 波打際

(The Beach)

1:37 13 ほたる

(Fireflies)

four:12
2 焼野原

(The Burnt-out Area)

6:51 eight 日傘

(The Parasol)

two:26 xiv ほたるの墓

(Grave of the Fireflies)

1:46
3 母の死

(Female parent'due south Death)

6:34 9 桜の下

(Nether the Cherry Blossoms)

1:31 xv 夕焼け

(Sunset Colors)

0:53
4 初夏

(Early Summer)

iii:xiv ten ドロップス

(Drops)

ii:thirteen 16 修羅

(Scene of Carnage)

3:08
v 池のほとり

(At the Shore of the Pond)

2:21 11 引越し

(Moving)

2:17 17 悲歌

(Elegy / Song of Sorrow)

3:12
6 海へ

(To the Ocean)

ane:37 12 兄妹

(Older Brother, Younger Sis)

two:xv eighteen ふたり~エンドタイトル

[Two (People) - Stop Title]

8:52

Themes and assay [edit]

Some critics in the West have viewed Grave of the Fireflies as an anti-war movie due to the graphic and emotional depiction of the pernicious repercussions of war on a society, and the individuals therein. The film focuses its attending almost entirely on the personal tragedies that war gives rise to, rather than seeking to glamorize it as a heroic struggle between competing nations. It emphasizes that war is society'due south failure to perform its well-nigh of import duty: to protect its own people.[17]

Nonetheless, director Takahata repeatedly denied that the film was an anti-war film. In his own words, it "is non at all an anti-state of war anime and contains absolutely no such message". Instead, Takahata had intended to convey an image of the brother and sister living a failed life due to isolation from society and invoke sympathy particularly in people in their teens and twenties.[18] [19]

Since the film gives trivial context to the state of war, Takahata feared a pol could just every bit easily claim fighting is needed to avert such tragedies. In full general, he was skeptical that depictions of suffering in similar works, such as Barefoot Gen, really prevent assailment. The manager was yet an anti-war advocate, a staunch supporter of Article 9 of the Japanese Constitution, and has openly criticized Japan'south penchant for conformity, assuasive them to be rallied against other nations. He expressed despair and feet whenever the youth are told to fall in line, a reminder that the state at its core has not changed.[twenty]

Release [edit]

Theatrical [edit]

The motion picture was released on xvi Apr 1988, over 20 years from the publication of the brusque story.[12]

The initial Japanese theatrical release was accompanied by Hayao Miyazaki's light-hearted My Neighbor Totoro as a double feature. While the two films were marketed toward children and their parents, the starkly tragic nature of Grave of the Fireflies turned abroad many audiences. However, Totoro merchandise, peculiarly the stuffed animals of Totoro and Catbus, sold extremely well afterwards the motion picture and made overall profits for the company to the extent that it stabilized subsequent productions of Studio Ghibli.

Grave of the Fireflies is the but theatrical Studio Ghibli feature film prior to From Upward on Poppy Hill to which Disney never had Due north American distribution rights, since it was not produced by Ghibli for parent company Tokuma Shoten but for Shinchosha, the publisher of the original brusk story (although Disney has the Japanese home video distribution rights themselves, thus replacing the film's original Japanese dwelling house video distributor, Bandai Visual).[21] Information technology was one of the last Studio Ghibli films to get an English language-language premiere by GKIDS.[22]

Abode media [edit]

Grave of the Fireflies was released in Japan on VHS past Buena Vista Home Entertainment under the Ghibli ga Ippai Collection on seven Baronial 1998. On 29 July 2005, a DVD release was distributed through Warner Abode Video. Walt Disney Studios Nippon released the complete collector'due south edition DVD on 6 August 2008. WDSJ released the film on Blu-ray twice on 18 July 2012: i every bit a single release, and one in a two-film set with My Neighbor Totoro (even though Disney never currently owns the Due north American but Japanese rights every bit mentioned).

It was released on VHS in Due north America by Central Park Media in a subtitled grade on 2 June 1993.[23] They later released the film with an English dub on VHS on i September 1998 (the day Disney released Kiki'south Commitment Service) and an all-Regions DVD (which also included the original Japanese with English subtitles) on 7 October 1998. On eight October 2002, it was after released on a ii-disc DVD set, which in one case over again included both the English dub and the original Japanese with English subtitles equally well every bit the film's storyboards with the 2d disc containing a retrospective on the author of the original book, an interview with the director, and an interview with critic Roger Ebert, who felt the film was 1 of the greatest of all time.[24] It was released by Central Park Media i last time on seven December 2004. Following the May 2009 bankruptcy and liquidation of Central Park Media,[25] ADV Films acquired the rights and re-released it on DVD on 7 July 2009.[26] Following the 1 September 2009 shutdown and re-branding of ADV,[27] their successor, Sentai Filmworks, rescued the film and released a remastered DVD on 6 March 2012, and planned to release the motion picture on digital outlets.[28] [29] A Blu-ray edition was released on 20 November 2012, featuring an all-new English dub produced past Seraphim Digital.[30]

StudioCanal released a Blu-ray in the United Kingdom on ane July 2013, followed past Kiki'southward Delivery Service on the same format.[31] It was the Great britain's tenth annual acknowledged strange language film on home video in 2019 (below 7 other Japanese films, including six Hayao Miyazaki anime films).[32] Madman Amusement released the film in Australia and New Zealand.

Reception [edit]

The film was modestly successful at the Japanese box office,[33] where information technology grossed ¥i.7 billion.[two] Equally part of the Studio Ghibli Fest 2018, the pic had a express theatrical release in the United States, grossing $516,962.[3]

The Ghibli ga Ippai Collection home video release of Grave of the Fireflies sold 400,000 copies in Nippon.[34] At a price of at to the lowest degree ¥four,935,[35] this is equivalent to at least ¥ane.974 billion in sales revenue.

The film received universal critical acclaim. Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times considered information technology to exist one of the best and well-nigh powerful war films and, in 2000, included it on his list of neat films.[24] The film review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 100% approval rating based on xl reviews with an boilerplate rating of ix.xxx/10. The website'due south critical consensus reads: "An achingly sad anti-war motion picture, Grave of the Fireflies is one of Studio Ghibli's virtually profoundly beautiful, haunting works."[36]

Filmmaker Akira Kurosawa praised the moving-picture show and considered information technology his favourite Ghibli production. He wrote a letter of praise to Hayao Miyazaki, mistakenly believing he directed Grave of the Fireflies. Miyazaki himself praised the film as Takahata's masterpiece, but criticized Seita for non behaving how he believes the son of a navy lieutenant should behave.[37]

The motion picture ranked number 12 on Total Film 's fifty greatest animated films.[38] Information technology was also ranked at number 10 in Time Out 's "The 50 greatest Globe War II movies" listing.[39] Empire magazine ranked the motion-picture show at number 6 in its list of "The Peak 10 Depressing Movies".[twoscore] The movie ranked number xix on Sorcerer'south Anime Magazine on their "Top fifty Anime released in North America".[41] The Daily Star, ranking the movie 4th on its list of greatest brusque story adaptations, wrote that "At that place is both much and little to say about the film. Information technology is just an experience—a trip through the lonely boroughs of humanity that the earth collectively looked, and yet looks, away from".[42] Theron Martin of Anime News Network said that, in terms of the original U.S. Manga Corps dub, while the other voices were "perfectly adequate", "Setsuko just doesn't sound quite convincing as a 4-twelvemonth-old in English. That, unfortunately, is a big negative, since a expert clamper of the pathos the movie delivers is at least partly dependent on that operation".[28]

On 25 Dec 2016, Toei Company fabricated a Twitter mail that read "Why did Kiriya have to die so before long?" ( なんできりやすぐ死んでしまうん , Nande Kiriya sugu shinde shimaun? ) in guild to promote an episode of Kamen Rider Ex-Aid. The hashtag became popular, but Toei deleted the tweet after receiving complaints that referencing the Grave of the Fireflies line "Why do fireflies die so soon?" ( なんで蛍すぐ死んでしまうん , Nande hotaru sugu shinde shimaun ) was in poor sense of taste.[43] Before that, the ranking website Goo's readers voted the film's ending the number ane most miserable of all anime films.[44]

On June 2018, Us Today ranked 1st on the 100 best blithe movies of all fourth dimension.[45]

Public reactions [edit]

Afterward the international release, information technology has been noted that different audiences have interpreted the film differently due to differences in culture. For instance, when the flick was watched past a Japanese audition, Seita'due south conclusion to non come dorsum to his aunt was seen as an understandable conclusion, as they were able to understand how Seita had been raised to value pride in himself and his land. But American and Australian audiences were more than likely to perceive the decision as unwise, due to the cultural differences in order to try to relieve his sister and himself.[46] [47]

Accolades [edit]

Year Laurels Category Recipient Event
1989 Blueish Ribbon Awards Special Award Isao Takahata Won
1994 Chicago International Children's Picture show Festival Animation Jury Award Won
Rights of the Child Award Won

Derivative works [edit]

Planned follow-up [edit]

Following the success of Grave of the Fireflies, Takahata drew upward an outline for a follow-up movie, based on like themes simply set in 1939 at the start of the second World War. This film was called Border 1939, based on the novel The Border by Shin Shikata, and would have told the story of a Japanese teenager from colonial Seoul joining an anti-Japanese resistance group in Mongolia. The flick was intended as an indictment of Japanese imperialist sentiment, which is briefly touched upon in Grave of the Fireflies. Although Takahata finished a total outline (which is republished in his book Thoughts While Making Movies), the film was canceled before production could start due to the 1989 Tiananmen Foursquare protests. Public opinion in Japan had turned against China, and Ghibli's distributor felt a movie partly set there was too risky.[48]

2005 alive-action version [edit]

NTV in Japan produced a live-activeness Tv drama of Grave of the Fireflies, in commemoration of the 60th anniversary of the end of Globe War Two. The drama aired on 1 November 2005. Like the anime, the live-action version of Grave of the Fireflies focuses on ii siblings struggling to survive the final months of the war in Kobe, Nihon. Dissimilar the animated version, it tells the story from the point of view of their cousin (the aunt's daughter) and deals with the issue of how the war-time surroundings could change a kind lady into a hard-hearted adult female. Information technology stars Nanako Matsushima as the aunt, every bit well as Mao Inoue every bit their cousin.

2008 live-activity version [edit]

A different live-action version was released in Nippon on five July 2008, Reo Yoshitake [ja] as Seita, Rina Hatakeyama [ja] equally Setsuko, Keiko Matsuzaka as the aunt, and Seiko Matsuda every bit the children'south female parent. Like the anime, this alive-action version of Grave of the Fireflies focuses on two siblings struggling to survive the last months of the war in Kobe, Japan.[49]

See also [edit]

  • Air raids confronting Japan during Earth War II
  • Evacuations of civilians in Nihon during World War Ii
  • Barefoot Gen, a manga serial gear up in the aftermath of the atomic bombing of Hiroshima.
  • Fragile Dreams: Farewell Ruins of the Moon, a video game with similarities to the film.[50]

References [edit]

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  47. ^ Campbell, Kambole (19 April 2018). "The Homo Cost of War in Grave of the Fireflies". I Room With A View . Retrieved thirteen December 2019.
  48. ^ Dudok De Wit, Alex. "The story of Edge 1939, the great lost Studio Ghibli motion-picture show". Piddling White Lies . Retrieved nine October 2020.
  49. ^ "Tombstone of the Fireflies (2008)". IMDb. five July 2008. Archived from the original on 5 April 2017. Retrieved 3 July 2018.
  50. ^ Rea, Jasmine (6 May 2010). "In Defense of Fragile Dreams: Farewell Ruins of the Moon". Bitmob. VentureBeat. Archived from the original on 23 July 2012.

Further reading [edit]

  • Goldberg, Wendy (2009). Lunning, Frenchy (ed.). "Transcending the Victim's History: Takahata Isao's Grave of the Fireflies". Mechademia. University of Minnesota Press. 4: 39–52. doi:10.1353/mec.0.0030. ISBN9780816667499.
  • Hooks, Ed (2005). "Grave of the Fireflies". Acting in Blitheness: A Wait at 12 Films. Heinemann Drama. pp. 67–83. ISBN9780325007052.
  • Rosser, Michael (23 November 2012). "Dresden to produce live action Grave of the Fireflies". Screen Daily . Retrieved 24 Nov 2012.

External links [edit]

  • Grave of the Fireflies at Nausicaa.net
  • Grave of the Fireflies Hotaru no haka (Grave of the Fireflies) at IMDb
  • Hotaru no haka (Grave of the Fireflies) at Rotten Tomatoes
  • Hotaru no haka (Grave of the Fireflies) (film) at Anime News Network'due south encyclopedia
  • Hotaru no haka (Grave of the Fireflies) at The Big Cartoon DataBase
  • Live-action version of Grave of the Fireflies (in Japanese)

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grave_of_the_Fireflies

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